[教育時評] 教養方式 Parenting Styles
在近代的家庭教養理論中,影響最大的要數鮑姆林德(Diana Blumberg Baumrind)的父母教養方式理論。鮑姆林德是美國加州大學伯克利分校的發展心理學教授同時也是兩項美國公共衛生局項目的主管和加利福尼亞州州項目的顧問。
她在在教養方式研究中發現不同的父母教養方式主要的差別在於愛和規範的維度上。根據愛和規矩這兩個維度上的強弱結合,可以勾畫出四種教養方式: 開明權威型(authoritative),威權專制型(authoritarian),放任型(permissive)和忽視冷漠型(uninvolved)。
在此分享其中一種教養方式:
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Authoritarian Parenting 威權專制型
The parent is demanding but not responsive. Authoritarian parenting has distinctive effects on children:
父母提出絕對化要求但不做出響應。專制教養方式對孩子會造成以下幾種獨特的效果:
1. Authoritarian parents are famous for saying, "Because I said so," when a child questions the reasons behind a rule. They are not interested in negotiating and their focus is on obedience.
當孩子質疑規則背後的原因時,威權專制型父母以「你懂什麼,我說了算」的回應公式而聞名。他們對談判不感興趣,他們的重點是服從。
2. They also don't allow kids to get involved in problem-solving challenges or obstacles. Instead, they make the rules and enforce the consequences with little regard for a child's opinion.
他們也不允許孩子參與解決問題的挑戰或障礙。取而代之的是,他們制定規則並將結果強加於孩子身上,卻很少考慮他們的意見。
3. Authoritarian parents may use punishments instead of discipline. So rather than teach a child how to make better choices, they're invested in making kids feel sorry for their mistakes.
威權專制型父母可能以懲罰而不是紀律約束為手段。因此,與其說教孩子如何做出更好的選擇,不如說他們是在讓孩子為自己的錯誤感到抱歉。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. Children who grow up with strict authoritarian parents tend to follow rules much of the time. But, their obedience comes at a price.
與嚴格的威權專制型父母一起長大的孩子往往在很多時候都遵循規則。但是,他們的服從是有代價的。
5. Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be conformist, highly obedient, quiet, and not very happy. These children often suffer from depression and self-blame.
由專制型父母養育的孩子傾向於變得墨守成規、唯命是從、安安靜且鬱鬱寡歡。這種孩子通常會生活在抑鬱和自責的陰影下。
6. Children of authoritarian parents are at a higher risk of developing self-esteem problems because their opinions aren't valued.
威權專制型父母的孩子由於沒有重視自己的觀點而更有可能出現自尊上的問題。
7. They may also become hostile or aggressive. Rather than think about how to do things better in the future, they often focus on the anger they feel toward their parents. Since authoritarian parents are often strict, their children may grow to become good liars in an effort to avoid punishment.
他們也可能變得敵對或好鬥。比起考慮將來如何把事情做得更好,他們更常著眼於對父母的憤怒。由於威權專制型父母往往嚴格,為了避免受到懲罰,他們的孩子可能成長為善於說謊的人。
文章資料來自於維基百科和Verywell Family保健網站。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Parents don’t fit into just one category and every family is different. There are times when parents tend to be permissive and times when parents are more authoritative. What parents need to be aware of is that there needs to be a balance in everything they do. When they lean completely towards one side, negative consequences are bound to occur.
父母不僅隸屬於一類,每個家庭也都不一樣。在某些時候或方面,父母傾向於寬容,而在另外的時候,父母更具權威性。父母需要意識到的是,他們所做的一切都要保持平衡。當當他們完全傾斜到一端時,必然會發生負面後果。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
參考資料
Bi X, Yang Y, Li H, Wang M, Zhang W, Deater-deckard K. Parenting Styles and Parent-Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2187. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Santrock, J.W. (2007). A topical approach to life-span development, third Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Stassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Lifespan. Worth Publishers. p. 274.
"The Role of Parents in the Development of Peer Group Competence. ERIC Digest". Eric Digests. 1992. Archived from the original on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
Image: Psychologyinaction.org
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過3萬的網紅POPA Channel,也在其Youtube影片中提到,迪士尼電影《魔雪奇緣》有多瘋魔萬千小女孩,人所共知。不過,有家長告知我們,連囝囝亦是超級Fans,不僅天天拿著Elsa公仔在唱「Let it go」,還說要買公主裙來扮演Elsa,弄得父母很擔心:「我囝囝是否有易服癖?或是有性別認同障礙?」 嗱嗱嗱,在胡思亂想之前,不如先聽聽美國心理學家Lawre...
「parent role in child development」的推薦目錄:
- 關於parent role in child development 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
- 關於parent role in child development 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於parent role in child development 在 Racheal Kwacz - Child & Family Development Specialist Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於parent role in child development 在 POPA Channel Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於parent role in child development 在 Role of Parents in Child Development - Ages Zero to Three 的評價
- 關於parent role in child development 在 Roles of Parents in Child Development - Pinterest 的評價
parent role in child development 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[教育時評] 教養方式 Parenting Styles
在近代的家庭教養理論中,影響最大的要數鮑姆林德(Diana Blumberg Baumrind)的父母教養方式理論。鮑姆林德是美國加州大學伯克利分校的發展心理學教授同時也是兩項美國公共衛生局項目的主管和加利福尼亞州州項目的顧問。
她在在教養方式研究中發現不同的父母教養方式主要的差別在於愛和規範的維度上。根據愛和規矩這兩個維度上的強弱結合,可以勾畫出四種教養方式: 開明權威型(authoritative),威權專制型(authoritarian),放任型(permissive)和忽視冷漠型(uninvolved)。
在此分享其中一種教養方式:
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Authoritarian Parenting 威權專制型
The parent is demanding but not responsive. Authoritarian parenting has distinctive effects on children:
父母提出絕對化要求但不做出響應。專制教養方式對孩子會造成以下幾種獨特的效果:
1. Authoritarian parents are famous for saying, "Because I said so," when a child questions the reasons behind a rule. They are not interested in negotiating and their focus is on obedience.
當孩子質疑規則背後的原因時,威權專制型父母以「你懂什麼,我說了算」的回應公式而聞名。他們對談判不感興趣,他們的重點是服從。
2. They also don't allow kids to get involved in problem-solving challenges or obstacles. Instead, they make the rules and enforce the consequences with little regard for a child's opinion.
他們也不允許孩子參與解決問題的挑戰或障礙。取而代之的是,他們制定規則並將結果強加於孩子身上,卻很少考慮他們的意見。
3. Authoritarian parents may use punishments instead of discipline. So rather than teach a child how to make better choices, they're invested in making kids feel sorry for their mistakes.
威權專制型父母可能以懲罰而不是紀律約束為手段。因此,與其說教孩子如何做出更好的選擇,不如說他們是在讓孩子為自己的錯誤感到抱歉。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. Children who grow up with strict authoritarian parents tend to follow rules much of the time. But, their obedience comes at a price.
與嚴格的威權專制型父母一起長大的孩子往往在很多時候都遵循規則。但是,他們的服從是有代價的。
5. Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be conformist, highly obedient, quiet, and not very happy. These children often suffer from depression and self-blame.
由專制型父母養育的孩子傾向於變得墨守成規、唯命是從、安安靜且鬱鬱寡歡。這種孩子通常會生活在抑鬱和自責的陰影下。
6. Children of authoritarian parents are at a higher risk of developing self-esteem problems because their opinions aren't valued.
威權專制型父母的孩子由於沒有重視自己的觀點而更有可能出現自尊上的問題。
7. They may also become hostile or aggressive. Rather than think about how to do things better in the future, they often focus on the anger they feel toward their parents. Since authoritarian parents are often strict, their children may grow to become good liars in an effort to avoid punishment.
他們也可能變得敵對或好鬥。比起考慮將來如何把事情做得更好,他們更常著眼於對父母的憤怒。由於威權專制型父母往往嚴格,為了避免受到懲罰,他們的孩子可能成長為善於說謊的人。
文章資料來自於維基百科和Verywell Family保健網站。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Parents don’t fit into just one category and every family is different. There are times when parents tend to be permissive and times when parents are more authoritative. What parents need to be aware of is that there needs to be a balance in everything they do. When they lean completely towards one side, negative consequences are bound to occur.
父母不僅隸屬於一類,每個家庭也都不一樣。在某些時候或方面,父母傾向於寬容,而在另外的時候,父母更具權威性。父母需要意識到的是,他們所做的一切都要保持平衡。當當他們完全傾斜到一端時,必然會發生負面後果。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
參考資料
Bi X, Yang Y, Li H, Wang M, Zhang W, Deater-deckard K. Parenting Styles and Parent-Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2187. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Santrock, J.W. (2007). A topical approach to life-span development, third Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Stassen Berger, Kathleen (2011). The Developing Person Through the Lifespan. Worth Publishers. p. 274.
"The Role of Parents in the Development of Peer Group Competence. ERIC Digest". Eric Digests. 1992. Archived from the original on 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
Image: Psychologyinaction.org
parent role in child development 在 Racheal Kwacz - Child & Family Development Specialist Facebook 的精選貼文
ARE YOU READY FOR THIS??!?!?
We have some amazing workshops/activities/playdates/pop-ups lined up for the holiday season! There's bound to be a little something for everyone so please register early as we expect lots of excited, fun, mamas, daddies and little ones!
______________
🌈 30 Days, 30 tips
Join Racheal nightly for a mama and Child & Family Development Specialist tip covering topics like Respectful Parenting, marriage, food wars, sibling rivalry, work-life balance, #kacaumamahacks, tried-and-tested recommendations.
⏲️ Nightly
📍 instagram.com/rachealkwacz
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🌈 The children's house : MAMA & DADDY DATE NIGHT
(By invitation only)
📅 Saturday, November 9, 2019
⏲️ Session 1: 5pm - 7pm
⏲️ Session 2: 8pm - 10pm
📍 Alila Hotel, Bangsar
Ready for a night of joyful connection with your spouse? Needing a break from the relentless caring and parenting?
Come join Racheal Kwacz for a cosy romantic night of love and laughter with your partner-in-crime!
• Specially curated by Racheal Kwacz, Child & Family Development Specialist
• Extend the night at Alila Bangsar and enjoy the exclusive staycation rate
• Relax and enjoy the time together without having to worry about planning anything
• Rediscover and connect with your spouse in privacy
• Play, laugh, fall in love all over again with each other
• Meet other parents in the same season
• Appreciate and celebrate the joys of marriage and parenthood together
________
🌈 Odyssey The Global Preschool Malaysia : MAMA TRIBE DAY OUT
(By invitation only)
📅 Wednesday, November 13, 2019
⏲️ 10am - 1pm
📍 Bucolic Café, Setia Avenue
Back by popular demand, come join Racheal Kwacz, Child & Family Development Specialist and mama for another Moms' Day Out where mothers will get to be seen, poured into, appreciated, and have a little bit of fun. So drop-off the kids at school, come over, and just be you for a little while.
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🌈 Supparetreat Alumni - #BetterTogether : CHARLIE'S ANGEL SCREENING
(By invitation only)
📅 Wednesday, November 13, 2019
⏲️ 7:30pm
📍 TGV, One Utama
This is an exclusive invite for our Supparetreat alumni in celebration of our sisterhood! Let's continue to empower all women.
*Limited to 30 spots only
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🌈 Playground Borneo: OH WHAT FUN!
📅 Saturday, November 16, 2019
⏲️ 1-6pm
📍 The Playground Borneo, Publika
Join us for an afternoon of Merry Making and get your Silly Season gifts sorted! Guests will get to have a lucky reading from the fortune readers of Borneo and create their own Bowerhaus hair slide. Holiday collections and gift sets from sereni & shentel, Bowerhaus, RoaSkye, rachealkate.
(rachealkate by Racheal Kwacz is a collection of thoughtfully curated gifts for littles that are developmentally-appropriate, non-toxic and safe, beautifully designed eco-friendly products made from sustainably sourced FSC-certified wood and paper and printed with vegetable and soy-based inks and water-based paints.
As a lover of encouragement and beautiful stationery, the store also carries the perfect little pick-me-up for a mama or her tribe.)
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🌈FrogAsia : LEAPS OF KNOWLEDGE CONFERENCE 2019
📅 Saturday, November 23, 2019
⏲️ 9-6pm
📍 JW Marriott, KL
Reignite your purpose! Leaps of Knowledge invites you to reignite joy and purpose in being a gamechanger in education. Listen, mingle, share and learn from the world's leading technologists, innovators, and shapers. Be part of the journey, book your tickets now!
Racheal will be leading two breakout sessions:
1. Applying Respectful Parenting Principles in the Classroom
What is Respectful Parenting? Is this applicable to me as an educator? What does the research say and why is this important? Come for an warm, engaging, dialogue on equipping and empowering classrooms and homes with tools to raising kind, compassionate, confident, resilient little ones.
2. Protective Behaviors and Body Safety Tips
1 in 10 children will be sexually abused before they turn 18, what can we do as educators and parents to protect our children? What are some of the best international practices that we need to incorporate in our classrooms and homes? Stand up and show up for our little ones as we teach them how to empower and defend themselves against predators.
Register at leapsofknowledge.com
RM 120 (earlybird) / RM 260
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🌈Respecting Parenting: Surviving to Thriving
📅 Saturday, November 30, 2019
⏲️ 10am - 6pm
📍 Stripes Hotel, KL
An exclusive one-day intensive workshop with Child & Family Development Specialist, Racheal Kwacz, discover a more intimate way of parenting and raising kind, compassionate, resilient, confident, little ones that won't divide or separate you from each other. Warm and engaging, Racheal will equip and empower you with helpful tools to really understand the heart of parenting with profound experientials, role-plays, dialogue and discussion, marrying the ideals of Respectful Parenting principles in a Asian context.
[ Topics that will be covered in the workshop ]
+ Understanding the why and our Heart-Gut-Brain connection
+ Creating firm boundaries without ruining the parent-child relationship
+ Marrying different parenting styles - spouse, parents, inlaws, outlaws, kakaks
+ Responding to your child and connecting empathy with rebellion
+ Turning tears into intimate moments of bonding that encourage progress
+ Communicating with your little one and learning to see the big picture in the little details
+ Coping with the loneliness and burn-out without losing yourself
+ Finding time and enjoying each other while juggling the responsibilities
[ Who is this workshop for? ]
This is for any parent whether you are in the planning stages and just trying to get equipped, pregnant and readying your ammo, or deep in the throes and trenches of parenting. It doesn't matter if you've never or already attended a Racheal Kwacz workshop, this is a comprehensive course that marries the best-of-the-best and promises an unforgettable confidence-building day that will radically change your parenting.
[ How much does it cost? ]
RM 895 / per person (early bird)
RM 995 / per person (regular)
RM 1595 / per couple (guardians of the same child)
Includes morning and afternoon tea break and workshop materials
To register, please email jasmine@suppagood.com
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🌈The Ritz-Carlton, Kuala Lumpur X Racheal Kwacz : TEDDY BEAR TEATIME
📅 Saturday & Sunday, December 7-8, 2019
⏲️ 2:30 - 5:30pm
📍 The Ritz-Carlton, KL
The much-loved Ritz-Carlton tradition continues with the Teddy Bear Teatime this festive season. Children will be most entertained building their own teddy bears while delighting in the delicious teddy-bear themed afternoon tea. Curated and hosted by Child & Family Development Specialist, Racheal Kwacz, enjoy an afternoon of delightful surprises and family time together.
To register or for more info:
Whatsapp : 018-929-2174 / Email: dining@ritzcarltonkl.com
RM 160 per adult / RM 115 per child under 12
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🌈 The Children's House: FAMILY DAY OUT!
(By invitation only)
📅 Saturday, December 14, 2019
⏲️ 9am-12pm
Enjoy a fun day out together in nature, playing, discovering, exploring as a family while in community with others. Build your tribe and each other as Child & Family Development Specialist, Racheal Kwacz, hosts and curates the ultimate family fun playdate!
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🌈HTBB Church: CAROLS BY CANDLELIGHT & CHRISTMAS MARKET
(Tickets required)
📅 Saturday & Sunday, December 14-15, 2019
⏲️ 5pm and 7pm
📍 Holy Trinity Bukit Bintang
You are warmly invited to Carols by Candlelight at Holy Trinity Bukit Bintang - an evening of readings and traditional carols, performed with a full orchestra and choir. Seating is unreserved and tickets will become invalid 20 minutes before the start of the service, so please arrive with plenty of time to avoid disappointment. Beautifully curated Christmas market to follow with mulled cider and mince pies.
______________
Racheal Kwacz is a Child & Family Development Specialist, women’s leadership speaker and mama tribe writer. Having trained, educated, and lived in the USA, Racheal studied under Deborah Carlisle Solomon, former RIE Executive Director, in Magda Gerber’s Educaring Approach. She has a degree in Theatre and Child & Family Development and is a master of marrying both her backgrounds into a lively, fun, interactive experience for her audiences and workshop participants.
As a thought leader, Racheal has had years of international experience working with children, training teachers, leading and developing curriculum for childcare centres as well as being a parent educator. She specializes in babies and toddlers 3-and under; focuses on equipping and empowering parents with tools for Respectful Parenting through “The RACHEAL Method”. Her most popular sold-out workshops include "Toddler Wars", "Preschool Wars", "Food Wars", and she recently led a dialogue with 180 pediatricians, obstetricians and gynaecologists on "Device Wars".
She writes parenting articles with Happy Go KL and is regularly featured on BFM Radio. She has also previously appeared in various publications including The Star, TimeOut, TimeOut Kids, Aforadio, BFM Radio, Her World, New Straits Times, Sinar Harian, Borneo Post, Zafigo, ButterKicap, Malaysia Tatler, Tatler Weddings, Harper’s Bazaar, 417 Magazine and was recently featured as a Super FEMALE for female magazine.
To learn more, connect with her on her website or follow her on socialmedia @rachealkwacz !
parent role in child development 在 POPA Channel Youtube 的最讚貼文
迪士尼電影《魔雪奇緣》有多瘋魔萬千小女孩,人所共知。不過,有家長告知我們,連囝囝亦是超級Fans,不僅天天拿著Elsa公仔在唱「Let it go」,還說要買公主裙來扮演Elsa,弄得父母很擔心:「我囝囝是否有易服癖?或是有性別認同障礙?」
嗱嗱嗱,在胡思亂想之前,不如先聽聽美國心理學家Lawrence Kohlberg怎樣說。
參考資料
Berk, L. E. (2013). Emergency of Gender Identity. Child Development,9,548-560. Boston: Pearson
Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Kapur, M. (2014). Cognitive consistency and math–gender stereotypes in Singaporean children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 117, 73–91.
Jacobs, J.E. (1991). Influence of Gender Stereotypes on Parent and Child Mathematics Attitudes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 518-527. American Psychological Association, Inc.
Kohlberg, L. (1996). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children’s sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E.E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex difference (pp82-173). Standard, CA: Stanford University Press.
Martin & Little. (2008). The Relationship of Gender Understanding to Children’s Sex-typed Preferences and Gender Stereotypes. Child Development, 61, 1427-1439.
Ken R. Wells. "Gender Constancy." LoveToKnow.
University Of Michigan. (2007, June 25). How Dads Influence Their Daughters' Interest In Math. ScienceDaily.

parent role in child development 在 Roles of Parents in Child Development - Pinterest 的推薦與評價
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parent role in child development 在 Role of Parents in Child Development - Ages Zero to Three 的推薦與評價
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